Thomas Rabeyron is a French clinical psychologist at the University of Lorraine in Nancy who also is involved in parapsychology. His psi research has covered precognition and presentiment effects, out-of-body states, and broader efforts to understand how unusual experiences can relate to trauma, mental health and creativity.
- Rabeyron reviewed neuroimaging studies of telepathy-like and precognitive tasks, judging the evidential base promising but the methodology in need of improvement.
- His work on out-of-body experiences proposed that trauma and altered states may help drive a common pathway towards disintegration of the ordinary sense of self.
- Through CIRCEE, he has supported a clinical approach that treats exceptional experiences as meaningful phenomena rather than automatically pathologising them.
Contents
- Career
- Neuroimaging Psi Studies
- Understanding Out-of-body Experiences
- Psychological Determinants of Paranormal Experiences
- Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Neuroscience
- Bem Meta-analysis
- Clinical Approach to Exceptional Experiences
- Anomalous Experience, Mental Health and Creativity
- The Psi Paradox
- Works Cited
- Endnotes
Career
Thomas Rabeyron is professor of clinical psychology and psychopathology at the University of Lorraine in Nancy. He is director of the INTERPSY laboratory, which encourages collaboration between clinical psychology and medicine, with the aim of improving mental health care delivery. In addition to his French academic appointments, since 2014 he has been an honorary research fellow at the University of Edinburgh, completing part of his PhD under the supervision of Caroline Watt.
Rabeyron’s research interests span understanding the clinical aspects of anomalous experiences and exploring precognition and presentiment effects. In 2009 he co-created the Centre for Information, Research and Counselling about Exceptional Experiences (CIRCEE), whose counseling service he supervises. He has also contributed to reviews of several bodies of psi data.
Neuroimaging Psi Studies
With Renaud Evrard and David Acunzo, Rabeyron reviewed the neuroimaging psi data. The authors considered six functional neuroimaging studies of distant intentionality/telepathy, where a remotely located individual attempts to send information to, or simply focus on, a receiver. They also reviewed a brain imaging precognition study. They found the overall evidential base to be quite high, with only one negative study, but conclude that general methodological quality is low. They make several suggestions for improving experimental rigor, including the introduction of counter-balancing of trials, proper randomization techniques, adequate shielding between receiver and outside environment, and recruiting enough subjects to achieve sufficient power.1Evrard et al. (2013).
Understanding Out-of-body Experiences
To discover hitherto unknown aspects of the out-of-body experience that might have implications for understanding the psyche, Rabeyron and Caussié interviewed sixteen people who experienced OBEs. Their responses indicated that out-of-body experiences usually occur during altered states of consciousness or during traumatic events. Rabeyron and Caussié found that during the out of body experience the sense of self disintegrated, following a common phenomenological pathway that led to a sensory integration constituting the out-of-body state. To shed light on the nature of the experience, Rabeyron and Caussié focus on the relationship between trauma and OBEs, proposing that these experiences function to insulate the subjective element from psychological distress. They discuss the role of symbolism during the OBE state, in particular in the experience of seeing one’s double and the after-effects engendered by this profound shift in consciousness. They conclude that clinicians can help cultivate this symbolization process as a means to promote positive after-effects and improved mental health.2Rabeyron & Caussié (2015).
Psychological Determinants of Paranormal Experiences
Research indicates that paranormal experiences relate to certain psychological dispositions and childhood traumas. Rabeyron and Watt probed this relationship in a large-scale ESP experiment investigating the relationship between paranormal experiences, mental health and boundaries (‘boundaries’ refers to the degree of separation between individual psychological processes: thin boundary individuals might have difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality, while thick boundary individuals possess a clear psychological demarcation between themselves and others). Overall results were non-significant for the psi task and no significant relationship was found between psychological variables and psi results. However, significant correlations were found between paranormal experiences and mental boundaries, traumas and negative life events. Watt and Rabeyron conclude that childhood traumas and thin boundary characteristics such as proneness to fantasy are predictive of paranormal experiences.3Rabeyron & Watt (2010).
Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Neuroscience
In an article published in a high impact journal, Frontiers in Psychology, Rabeyron and Loose observe that individuals who have anomalous experiences tend to see them as paranormal, even though advances in cognitive neuroscience and psychoanalytic approaches help to explain their underlying cause and context. They outline three main lines of research. In the first, links between anomalous experiences and hallucinatory processes are investigated, showing that anomalous experiences occur more frequently after negative life events, manifesting primarily as non-pathological hallucinations. This is followed by an examination of traumatic experiences and the relationship with altered states of consciousness during the exceptional experiences. The final stage is to consider anomalous experiences as a way to catalyse symbolization processes following traumatic life events.4Rabeyron & Loose (2015).
Bem Meta-analysis
Daryl Bem’s 2011 report5Bem (2011). of experiments seeming to give evidence of implicit precognition caused controversy and encouraged replications. In 2015 Rabeyron, with Bem, Michael Duggan and Patrizio Tressoldi, published a meta-analysis of 90 experiments reported by 33 laboratories in 14 countries which gave astronomical overall odds against chance (p = 1.2 × 10-10). A version that used more conservative Bayesian statistics also yielded extreme evidence (Bayes factor5.1 × 109), greatly exceeding 100 – the level of ‘decisive evidence’. The number of non-significant unpublished studies needed to nullify the outcome was found to be 544, rendering the file-drawer effect an implausible counter-explanation. They adopted a rigorous policy of soliciting non-significant studies during the retrieval stage, several of them by Rabeyron and co-workers.6Rabeyron (2014). The researchers also considered that common Questionable Research Practices (QRPs), such as statistical malpractice and methodological flaws, could not explain these positive data, nor were the results confined to a few successful experimenters or labs. This review demonstrates that the original ‘Bem effect’ has been replicated.7Bem et al. (2016).
Clinical Approach to Exceptional Experiences
Rabeyron and co-authors investigated the idea of approaching exceptional experiences within a clinical context, reviewing clinical cases with paranormal features. In their Paranormal Solution Hypothesis, adults who experienced childhood abuse – but within an otherwise stable and close parental relationship – cultivate exceptional experiences in order to mitigate negative adult life experiences (a paranormal solution). The authors discuss evidence supporting this model;8Rabeyron et al.(2010). Rabeyron expands on it in a dedicated chapter in an anthology of mental health and anomalous experiences.9Rabeyron (2011).
Anomalous Experience, Mental Health and Creativity
Rabeyron and co-authors explored the relationship between anomalous experiences, mental health, creativity and psi, adopting the retrocausal experimental paradigm established by Bem. In this study, 113 visual artists undertook a retro-priming task in which their psi scores were correlated with a battery of questionnaire responses. No psi effect was found, but a significant relationship was seen with anomalous experiences (p = 0.01), while anomalous experiences significantly correlated with creativity and mental health scores.10Rabeyron et al. (2018).
The Psi Paradox
In a wide-ranging 2020 publication, Rabeyron discusses the implications of parapsychological findings for the wider replication crisis in psychology.11https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.562992/full Rabeyron proposes that either the high calibre work of hundreds of researchers over 130 years is fraudulent and/orthe result of subject deception, or it is genuine evidence of human consciousness influencing the physical world. If the second hypothesis is correct, this creates a paradox by blurring the line between the observed and the observer, calling into question the objectivity of the scientific method. This would mean that psi phenomena could never be proved and the scientific method would be saved; thus, the paradox is restored. Rabeyron proposes a way of escaping it by embracing post-modern psychology, which takes into consideration human consciousness and the lack of true objectivity. To illustrate this new approach, Rabeyron describes recent experimental developments in parapsychology such as the correlational matrix method.
Theoretical Issues
Rabeyron has published several papers in 2021-2 on theoretical issues.
In a paper coauthored in 2021, Rabeyron discusses the writings of Freud in relation to the topic of thought-transference and its relationship with psychotherapy.12Rabeyron et al. (2021).
Rabeyron and Artru published a literature review of clinical trials of psychedelic assisted psychotherapy for depressive symptoms, which show positive effects lasting up to six months. They draw attention to the importance of subjective aspects in aiding healing.
On near-death experiences, Rabeyron and coauthors take issue with a model recently proposed by Sam Parnia, in which the experience is authentic only when a real danger is present and it possesses certain core features. They argue by contrast that the evidence indicates it is on a continuum of varied experiences and is often precipitated by factors not related to death or imminent danger.13Evrard et al. (2022).
On anomalous healing, Rabeyron and Caussié describe the issues surrounding exceptional experiences that can occur between patient and therapist. They also argue for the the need for careful supervision by a clinical expert to maximize the likelihood of good psychological outcomes.14Caussié & Rabeyron (2022).
Separately, Rabeyron draws attention to the lack of training within the mental health community with regard to clients presenting with distressing exceptional experiences, and the importance of seeking to integrate them rather than treating them as pathological.15Rabeyron (2022).
Michael Duggan
Works Cited
Acunzo, D.J., Evrard, R., & Rabeyron, T. (2013). Anomalous experiences, psi and functional neuroimaging. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7, 893. [Full paper.]
Artru, E., & Rabeyron, T. (2021). Psychédéliques, psychothérapie et symbolisation : une revue de littérature dans le champ de la dépression. L’Évolution Psychiatrique 86/3, 591-616. [Full paper.]
Bem, D.J. (2011). Feeling the future: Experimental evidence for anomalous retroactive influences on cognition and affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 100/3, 407-25. [Abstract.]
Bem, D., Tressoldi, P.E., Rabeyron, T., & Duggan, M. (2016). Feeling the future: A meta-analysis of 90 experiments on the anomalous anticipation of random future events. F1000Research 4, 1188. [Full paper.]
Caussié, S., Lansley, H., & Rabeyron, T. (2022). Anomalous healers: Being a therapist or a patient? About counselling with two alternative therapists. Psychotherapy Section Review 67, 43-61. [Full paper.]
Evrard, R., Pratt, E., & Rabeyron, T. (2022). Sawing the branch of near-death experience research: A critical analysis of Parnia et al.’s paper. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1515/1, 5-9. [Full paper.]
Maier, M.A., Buechner, V.L., Dechamps, M.C., Pflitsch, M., Kurzrock, W., Tressoldi, P., & Rabeyron, T. (2020). A preregistered multi-lab replication of Maier et al. (2014, Exp. 4) testing retroactive avoidance. PLOS ONE 15/8, art. e0238373. [Full paper.]
Maier, M.A., Dechamps, M.C., & Rabeyron, T. (2022). Quantum measurement as pragmatic information transfer: Observer effects on (S)objective reality formation. Journal of Anomalous Experience and Cognition 2/1, 16-48. [Full paper.]
Rabeyron, T. (2012). Psychopathological and psychodynamic approaches to anomalous experiences: The concept of a paranormal solution. In Mental Health and Anomalous Experience, ed. by C.D. Murray, 125-40. London: Nova Science Publishers. [Book excerpt.]
Rabeyron, T. (2014). Retro-priming, priming, and double testing: psi and replication in a test-retest design. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8, 154. [Full paper.]
Rabeyron, T. (2022). When the truth is out there: Counseling people who report anomalous experiences. Frontiers in Psychology 12, art. 693707. [Full paper.]
Rabeyron, T., & Caussié, S. (2016). Clinical aspects of out-of-body experiences: Trauma, reflexivity and symbolisation. L’Évolution Psychiatrique 81/4, e53-e71. [Abstract.]
Rabeyron, T., Charlet, O., Rowe, C., Mousseau, M.-C., & Deledalle, A. (2018). Anomalous experiences, mental health and creativity: Is psi the missing link?. Journal of Consciousness Studies 25/3-4, 207-32. [Full paper.]
Rabeyron, T., Chouvier, B., & Le Maléfan, P. (2010). Clinique des expériences exceptionnelles : du trauma à la solution paranormale. L’Évolution Psychiatrique 75/4, 633-53. [Abstract.]
Rabeyron, T., Evrard, R., & Massicotte, C. (2021). Psychoanalysis and telepathic processes. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 69/3, 535-71. [Full paper.]
Rabeyron, T., & Loose, T. (2015). Anomalous experiences, trauma, and symbolization processes at the frontiers between psychoanalysis and cognitive neurosciences. Frontiers in Psychology 6, 1926. [Full paper.]
Rabeyron, T., & Watt, C. (2010). Paranormal experiences, mental health and mental boundaries, and psi. Personality and Individual Differences 48/4, 487-92. [Abstract.]