Gerard Croiset (1909–1980) was a Dutch psychic known for demonstrations of precognitive clairvoyance (chair tests) and for finding missing persons. His psychic detection work was investigated and publicized by parapsychology professor WHC Tenhaeff, making him internationally known. His reputation was later damaged by posthumous revelations that Tenhaeff exaggerated and sometimes falsified accounts of claimed successes.
More details about Croiset’s life and work can be found in Croiset Archive.
Life
Gerard Croiset was born on 10 March 1909, to Dutch-Jewish parents: Hyman Croiset, a well-known actor, and Judith Boekbinder.1 Croiset’s father abandoned the family and Gerard spent much of his childhood in orphanages and foster families. During this period he said he developed ‘dream friends’, misty figures whom he summoned to play with him. At eighteen he had received only basic education.
Croiset was unable to hold down jobs, which he attributed to poor health and a free-thinking upbringing that led to conflicts with superiors. In 1934, aged twenty, he married Gerda ter Morsche and acquired a grocery shop, which however failed within a year, partly because he gave food to customers who could not pay.2 Suffering depression, Croiset was introduced to spiritualism by a former customer and was happy to be where he need not push away his ‘dream friends’.
Biographer Jack Harrison Pollack later identified connections between Croiset’s psychic tendencies and his childhood experiences.
- He nearly drowned at age eight, and subsequently showed aptitude for locating drowned children.
- His psychic visual impressions often included clothes that the relevant people had worn in childhood, especially if similar to clothing he himself had worn in childhood and disliked.
- He was treated harshly in an orphanage as a child, and his psychic impressions of mistreated orphans were particularly strong.
- One foster father, a sailor, taught him wind directions; in adulthood when asked for directions to find a missing person, he gave wind directions.3
In 1937 Croiset moved to Enschede, Holland. He refused at first to take money for services as medium and healer and worked as a doorman and advert painter. Eventually he accepted donations from clients for healing work.4
As a Jew, Croiset was forced during the Nazi occupation to wear a yellow star. In 1941 he was arrested and sent to a camp, from which he was freed for reasons unknown. He returned home and used his clairvoyant abilities to aid the resistance, predicting which houses would be raided by the Gestapo. In 1943 he was again arrested and sent to work a German factory, being freed after a few months.5 He returned to healing and by 1949 was known as ‘the miracle-doctor or Messiah of Enschede’.6
Motivated by a desire for scientific validation, Croiset contacted George AM Zorab, a member of the Society for Psychical Research, who put him in touch with parapsychologist Wilhelm Heinrich Carl Tenhaeff. Tenhaeff tested Croiset at the University of Utrecht and was impressed with his gifts. He also ran him through standard psychological tests with the aim of discovering differences between psychic and non-psychic people. He found Croiset to be more ‘childlike, theatrical, insecure, tense and talkative’ than most people, which Tenhaeff considered typical of psychics. Tenhaeff noted that Croiset was able to perform more consistently than other psychics.7 In part due to Croiset’s reputation, Tenhaeff was appointed professor of parapsychology, the first such post to be created.8
Croiset established his psychic practice in 1953 and became internationally famous, receiving requests for readings worldwide. He toured America and Japan giving readings and media appearances.
In his 1964 biography, Croiset the Clairvoyant, journalist Jack Harrison Pollack divides Croiset’s cases broadly into these categories:
- murders
- sex crimes
- thefts
- missing children
- missing adults
- missing animals
- lost objects
- psychic archaeology and paleoanthropology
- miscellaneous
More than seventy cases are recounted in the work, based on the records of Tenhaeff, who also approved the manuscript.
Gerda ter Morsche died in January 1973. A few years later Croiset remarried, to Adèle Jonkman. He died in Utrecht in 1980 of a heart attack, aged 71.
Chair Test
Tenhaeff devised an exercise, the chair test, as a demonstration of precognitive clairvoyance. A chair number from the seating plan of a forthcoming public meeting was picked randomly, by Croiset or another person. Croiset then described the person who would sit in that chair at the meeting: their appearance, personality, chief characteristics and things that had happened in their lives shortly before the meeting. This process was often completed even before anyone was invited to the meeting.
According to Pollack, the chair test was performed more than 400 times under controls by scientists in the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Italy and Switzerland, and a few times also in the US. He describes a chair test carried out in early 1957.9 Chair #9, one of thirty, was selected on 6 January for a gathering to be held 25 days later on 1 February. Croiset provided a twelve-point reading about the person who would sit in it, which was recorded, and added further impressions on hearing it played back, as follows:
- She was middle-aged, cheerful, active and interested in caring for children.
- As a child she had often been taken to see the circus at Scheveningen in Holland.
- As a child she had often visited farms.
- A few days before the meeting she would look at a picture of a man from India.
- An error made while balancing her household accounts led to a quarrel with her husband.
- She dirtied her hands with paints on an old-fashioned paintbox with tablets of paint, and at about the same time got a small cut on her right middle finger.
- She had experienced strong emotion from the opera Falstaff, the first one she had seen, and fell in love with the lead tenor.
- Her father had been presented with a gold item upon his retirement.
- On 1 February, she would take her young daughter to the dentist, and it would be traumatic for the girl
The following day the host was asked to send out the invitations, the reading was transcribed and sealed, and forty copies were mimeographed. Allocation of seats was carried out by a random process. When the day of the lecture arrived, copies were handed to audience members. The person who sat in chair #9 reported that the personality details and life experiences precognitively described by Croiset accurately corresponded to herself.
Tenhaeff collated his chair test records in a book published in 1961.10
Investigations
Croiset was tested by other European parapsychologists, including Hans Bender of Germany, who was convinced,11 and Zorab, who believed Croiset combined true ability with cheating.12
American parapsychologists Aristide H Esser and Lawrence LeShan of the Center for the Study of Psychic Phenomena at Rockland State Hospital in Orangeburg, New York, had Croiset perform a distant chair test from the Netherlands: about half of his impressions of the person in the designated chair proved true.13
Jule Eisenbud carried out similar test in Denver,14 noting subsequently, ‘a number of correspondences claimed by the “intended” target persons were such as would hardly be expected on a chance basis’.15
Croiset declined to be tested on card-guessing by JB Rhine, on the grounds that he needed to be emotionally involved and was not interested in statistical results.16
Criticism and Controversy
Due to his international renown, Croiset was the target of criticism by psi-sceptics. In a book-length overview of psychic detection,17 Marcello Truzzi and Arthur Lyons mostly dismiss Croiset’s work as evidence for psychic phenomena, noting that at the same time his reputation was growing worldwide, it had waned in his home country, where two police officers published accounts of his failures in psychic detection and sceptics accused him of fishing for information.18
The most damaging critique was by Piet Hein Hoebens, a sceptical Dutch journalist who published two articles in the Skeptical Inquirer,19 one in the Zetetic Scholar20 and one in the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research.21 Following Croiset’s death in 1980, Hoebens examined the case material at the urging of paranormal proponents, who considered it to be good evidence of survival of death.
Hoebens checked Tenhaeff’s records, and accounts derived from them by Pollack, and compared them to other published accounts of the same cases; he also questioned police officers and others recorded by Tenhaeff as having been involved in cases. Croiset’s readings were often shown to be inaccurate or based on information that might have been acquired normally, while Tenhaeff, according to Hoebens, exaggerated the successes and sometimes ‘cooked the books’.22 For instance Tenhaeff’s report on a Dutch arson case, which he claimed was derived from videotapes and protocols signed by police, was said by the officer concerned to contain ‘outright falsehoods’.23
Hoebens also cited cases where Croiset’s mistakes had negative effects:
- Croiset said that the bodies of three missing children were buried under a warehouse in Australia which was torn down at the cost of $40,000 Australian, but they were not found.
- Croiset told a missing boy’s parents that he was dead, but he was found alive and well.
- A ‘Mr Senf’, said by Croiset to have more information about a murder, was abducted and tortured by the missing person’s relatives, but was discovered to have had nothing to do with it.24
A witness in another famous Croiset case, in the Dutch town of Wierden, told British psychologist and sceptic CEM Hansel that Tenhaeff’s description was ‘false in nearly all its details’.25
Tenhaeff died in 1981, when Hoeben’s first article was in press. He had asserted that he kept meticulous files of tapes and affidavits documenting Croiset’s successes.26 However, shortly after Tenhaeff’s death all his correspondence and papers were burned by his long-time assistant Nicky G. Louwerens.27 Hoebens asserted that he gave Tenhaeff prior notice of the results of his investigations but that Tenhaeff had declined several invitations to offer specific counterarguments.28
Archival Collection
Archive material on Croiset has recently been recovered and indexed by the Johan Borgman Fund directed by Wim Kramer. It contains reports of the search for 671 missing persons, files of 891 patients and reports of 216 chair tests, also writings by Croiset and articles from newspapers and scientific journals in twenty languages.29 See also: Croiset Archive.
KM Wehrstein
Literature
Bender, H. (1958). Experimented vooschouw (experimental precognition). Tijdschrijt voor Parapsychologie 26, 9-45.
Bender, H. (1981). Pirmasens 1953 - Retrospektive auf ein Platzexperiment mit Gerard Croiset. Zeitschrift fur Parapsychologie 23, 219-30.
Eisenbud, J. (1973). A transtlantic experiment in precognition with Gerard Croiset. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 67, 1-25.
Eisenbud, J. (1986). The Denver chair test: Comments from Jule Eisenbud. Notes in response to Hoebens, P.H. (1986). Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 53, 321-24.
Esser, A.H., & LeShan, L. (1969). A transatlantic ‘chair test’. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 45, 167-69.
Gibbels, M. (2013). Boekbinder, Gerard (1909-1980). In Dutch Biographical Dictionary. Amsterdamm Netherlands: Huygens ING. .
Hoebens, P.H. (1981a). Gerard Croiset: Investigation of the Mozart of ‘psychic sleuths’. Part I. Skeptical Inquirer 6, 18-28.
Hoebens, P.H. (1981b). Croiset and Professor Tenhaeff: Discrepancies in claims of clairvoyance. Part II. Skeptical Inquirer 6, 32-40.
Hoebens, P.H. (1982). Mystery men from Holland, II: The strange case of Gerard Croiset (a CSAR special project report). Zetetic Scholar 9, 20-32.
Hoebens, P.H. (1986). Comparisons of reports of the ‘Denver chair test’: A critical examination of the methods of W.H.C. Tenhaeff. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 53, 311-20.
Hoevelmann, G.H., & Michels, H. (eds.) (2017). Legitimacy of Unbelief: The Collected Papers of Piet Hein Hoebens (Perspektiven der Anomalistik). Münster, Germany: LIT Verlag.
Lyons, A., & Truzzi, M. (1991). The Blue Sense: Psychic Detectives and Crime. New York: Warner.
Pollack, J.H. (1969). Croiset the Clairvoyant. New York: Bantam. [Originally published 1964, Doubleday, New York.]
Tenhaeff, W.H.C. (1961). De Voorschouw: voorspellende dromen en verwante verschijnselen, Onderzoekingen op het gebied der helderziendheid in de tijd. The Hague, Netherlands: H.P. Leopolds.
Zorab, G. (1965). Review of Croiset the Clairvoyant by Jack Harrison Pollack. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 48, 209-12.
Endnotes
- 1. Gibbles, 2013. All information in this section is drawn from this source except where otherwise noted.
- 2. Pollack (1969), 45-6.
- 3. Pollack (1969), 42-5.
- 4. Lyons & Truzzi (1991), 108.
- 5. Pollack (1969), 48-52.
- 6. Lyons & Truzzi (1991), 108.
- 7. Pollack (1969), 52.
- 8. Hoebens (1981b), ‘Discussion’.
- 9. See Pollack (1969), 36-40.
- 10. Tenhaeff (1961).
- 11. See Bender (1958) and Bender (1981).
- 12. See Zorab (1965).
- 13. Esser & LeShan (1969).
- 14. Eisenbud (1973).
- 15. Eisenbud (1986).
- 16. Lyons & Truzzi (1991), 110.
- 17. Lyons & Truzzi (1991).
- 18. Lyons & Truzzi (1991), 111.
- 19. Hoebens (1981a & 1981b).
- 20. Hoebens (1982).
- 21. Hoebens, 1986.
- 22. Hoebens (1981a), ‘The Boy on the Raft’.
- 23. Hoebens (1981b), ‘Caught in Fraud’.
- 24. Hoebens (1981a), ‘Failure’.
- 25. Cited in Lyons & Truzzi (1991), 115.
- 26. Lyons & Truzzi (1991), 114.
- 27. Hoevelmann & Michels (2017), 223.
- 28. Hoebens (1981b).
- 29. John Borgman Fund.